The Lessons of Theresa May’s Third Brexit defeat

What happens next is less certain but there are four broad conclusions to be drawn. The first is that May’s deal is almost certainly dead. The latest vote was much closer than the first two attempts, which saw the government defeated by 230 and 149 votes, respectively.

Nevertheless, 34 members of May’s Conservative party rejected the withdrawal agreement, as did the 10 members of the Northern Irish Democratic Unionist Party on which her government’s majority depends. May would either need to change their minds, or persuade an equivalent number of opposition members to switch sides. Both look unlikely.

Instead, parliament will keep trying to find a compromise that can command a majority. Though non-binding votes on different scenarios failed to deliver a winner this week, two options performed well. A proposal for Britain to join a permanent customs union with the EU attracted more than 260 votes in the 650-strong chamber. So did a plan to hold another referendum. Those alternatives may gain more support next week.

Any alternative Brexit plan would, however, require May to compromise at the risk of splitting her party, something she has consistently resisted for almost three years. That leaves her little choice but to call a general election in a desperate attempt to change the parliamentary arithmetic. But it’s hard to see how May, who this week promised to resign if her Brexit deal was approved, could credibly lead a campaign. The Conservatives might first have to choose a new leader. Either way, May would have to ask the EU to delay the Brexit date again.

A lengthy extension is therefore the most plausible outcome. Yet other options cannot be ruled out. These include a chaotic “no deal” Brexit on April 12, which the European Commission now says is a “likely scenario”. More than 33 months after Britain voted by a narrow majority to quit the EU, the country still cannot agree how to leave, or whether to do so at all. That’s the hardest lesson of all.